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Parameters of ordinary multimode optical fiber
Multimode optical fiber specifications define core size, numerical aperture, modal bandwidth, and fiber type (OM1–OM5), which together determine light propagation, data rate, and maximum transmission distance.Core Diameter and CladdingThe core diameter of a multimode fiber is the central region through which light propagates. Common telecom fibers have 50 µm or 62.5 µm cores with a 125 µm cladding . Larger cores allow more light modes to propagate, making it easier to couple light from LEDs or VCSELs, but they also increase modal dispersion, which limits transmission distance . Step-index fibers have uniform refractive index in the core, while graded-index fibers gradually change the refractive index to reduce modal dispersion and improve bandwidth .Numerical Aperture (NA)The numerical aperture indicates the light acceptance angle of the fiber. A higher NA (e.g., 0.2–0.3) allows more light to enter the fiber but can increase modal dispersion. Efficient launching requires the input light to stay within the core and within angles smaller than arcsin(NA), .Modal Bandwidth and V-NumberModal bandwidth defines the fiber's ability to transmit high-speed signals over distance. It is often expressed in MHz·km. The V-number (normalized frequency) determines the number of guided modes; higher V-numbers correspond to more modes, which can increase modal dispersion . Few-mode fibers have V-numbers between 3 and 10, while standard multimode fibers support hundreds of modes.OM Fiber Types (OM1–OM5)Multimode fibers are classified by the OM standard, which specifies core size, bandwidth, and maximum transmission distance for different data rates:OM1: 62.5 µm core, LED source, 200 MHz·km at 850 nm, suitable for 1G Ethernet up to 275 m, 10G up to 33 m .OM2: 50 µm core, LED source, 500 MHz·km at 850 nm, 1G Ethernet up to 550 m .OM3: 50 µm core, laser-optimized for 850 nm VCSELs, 10G Ethernet up to 300 m .OM4: Enhanced OM3, 10G Ethernet up to 550 m, supports 40/100 GbE over 100–150 m .OM5: Wideband multimode fiber, supports multiple wavelengths for short-range WDM applications, optimized for high-speed data centers .Light Source CompatibilityOM1 and OM2 fibers are typically used with LEDs, while OM3–OM5 are optimized for VCSELs or laser diodes, which provide higher bandwidth and longer distances . Choosing the correct fiber type ensures efficient coupling and minimal signal loss.Transmission Distance and Data RateThe maximum distance a multimode fiber can support depends on its type, modal bandwidth, and the data rate. Higher-speed applications (10G, 40G, 100G Ethernet) require OM3 or OM4 fibers for reliable performance over typical data center distances .SummaryWhen interpreting multimode fiber specifications:Core and cladding size determine mode capacity and ease of light coupling.Numerical aperture affects light acceptance and modal dispersion.Modal bandwidth and V-number indicate data rate capability and mode count.OM type defines standard performance for specific wavelengths, light sources, and distances.Light source compatibility ensures efficient signal transmission. Understanding these parameters allows proper fiber selection for LANs, data centers, and short-distance optical communication applications.
Parameters
Ordinary
Multimode
Optical
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